The Diversity of Cities and Visions for Urban Futures
Growing inequality in the face of increasing global income is an indication that the gains in real income have been beneficial to the very wealthy in all countries and to the rising middle class in developing countries We have also witnessed continuous growth in the world economy: doubling since 2000 to US$66.2 trillion in 2010 and increasing to US$84.7 trillion in 2020.18 At the same time, inequality, which has been increasing for more than 70 per cent of the world’s population,19 is expected to rise further on account of the impacts of COVID-19. Growing inequality in the face of increasing global income is an indication that the gains in real income have been beneficial to the very wealthy in all countries and to the rising middle class in developing countries.20 The bleak prospects for lowskilled workers and young people in the labour markets of low-income countries in the aftermath of COVID-19 point to increasing levels of inequality and higher vulnerability to extreme poverty; as between 65 and 75 million more people are estimated to fall into extreme poverty in 2021 compared to pre-pandemic projections.21 High rates of inflation globally as well as disputed food supply chains due to the conflict in Ukraine are putting further strains on the lowest rungs of the economic ladder. We cannot envision a bright future for cities when inequality appears to be on the rise globally and extreme poverty looms in certain regions. Chapter 3 discusses what needs to be done to prevent poverty and inequality from becoming permanent features of the future of cities. Rapid urbanization and the globalized nature of cities have added new layers of urban health risks as the world has increasingly witnessed the spread of zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Ebola and most recently, COVID-19. As cities seek to recover from the impacts of the pandemic, the UN-Habitat report Cities and Pandemics: Towards a More Just, Green and Healthy Future makes a case for a new social contract in the form of universal basic income, universal health coverage and universal housing.22 This proposal is further discussed in this chapter and in Chapter 3. Demographic responses to COVID-19 indicate a new pattern of secondary cities as subregional hubs that connect the 62 per cent of the world’s population living in smaller cities, towns and rural areas with the 22 per cent that live in larger metropolitan regions.23 Following the outbreak of
the COVID-19 pandemic, many urban dwellers, especially those in large cities, fled. More affluent residents retreated to second homes in the countryside. Middle-class families moved to smaller towns that offered more affordable housing. Low-income residents saw service sector jobs decimated and left in search of economic opportunity. The cumulative effect was a net decline in major cities. For example, United States Census data shows the largest net declines in population from 2020 to 2021 were in Los Angeles County (179,757) and Manhattan (113,642).24 Although such net population declines might be temporary, this reshuffle has implications for the role secondary cities can play in the future as more workers in knowledge-based fields work remotely or adopt hybrid modes of working. This territorial reorganization raises the question of what will happen with small- and medium-size cities as they become increasingly important in the regional landscape? Will accelerated digitalization prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic undo the economic advantages of large cities?25 On the contrary, can economies of scale and agglomeration effects show their capacity to re-energize new urban activities in the aftermath of shocks and threats? These concerns raise key questions about the future of cities, especially the kind of cities needed to support humanity in a predominantly urban world. How do we envisage and reimagine the future of cities? What do we want our cities to look like? What are their different possible transitions and trajectories? What are the possible scenarios for growth and development? What are the most desirable outcomes and the likelihood of achieving them?
1.2 Pandemic Lessons for the Future of Cities The disruptive nature of the COVID-19 pandemic is a stark reminder that urban areas need to be prepared for dynamic and unpredictable futures. The pandemic clearly exposed the soft underbelly of cities and their vulnerability to shocks. Cities across the world were totally unprepared for the magnitude of the economic and social impacts of the pandemic. We live in an age of global threats and disruptions that require concerted action, which can only be achieved in the spirit of solidarity and cooperation, as no single government or multilateral agency can address such threats alone.26 The world must therefore be better prepared to predict, prevent, detect, assess and effectively respond to threats in a highly coordinated manner.27
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